You're close - but modern bridges have saddles that move forwards and backwards, so it's defined as twice the distance from the nut to the 12th fret. Your high E string is usually at about the scale length distance, with the lower strings progressively slightly longer.
You can do pretty much any thickness you want... an inch and a half to two and a half inches is a range from pretty thin to pretty thick.
Sure... Laminating a neck (gluing together several pieces to make the neck part) makes a little bit stronger neck, but it's mostly for show.
Sure you can... they're usually about 1/4" thick. Common woods are the different rosewoods (indian rosewood, cocobolo, pau ferro, etc. etc.), ebony, and maple.
You can do it with screws, a "bolt-on neck", or you can glue it (a proper wood glue bond between two pieces of wood is stronger than the wood itself) making a "set neck", or you can build it so the neck goes all the way through the body, and glue the oudside pieces (the "wings") to it, a "neck-through."
I'd suggest buying Melvyn Hiscock's book on guitar building - it'll answer a lot of your questions, and a bass is built exactly the same way as a guitar.